Field Instrumentation

 Pressure is a   universal processing condition. It is also a condition of life on this   planet: we live at the bottom of an atmospheric ocean that extends upward for   many kilometers. This mass of air has weight, and this weight pressing downward   causes atmospheric pressure. In typical process plant, pressure influences   boiling point temperatures, chemical reaction rate, process efficiency,   costs, and other important factors. The measurement and control of pressure   and vacuum in the typical process plant in critical. Instruments are   available to measure a wide range of pressure.

Pressure is   defined as force acting over an area. The force causing a pressure could be   due to the weight of a liquid or solid, in which case the pressure would be   different vertical distances through the material, or the force could be due   to the movement of the molecules of a gas which produce a pressure by   colliding with the walls of a containing vessel. Gas pressure is uniform   throughout the volume of the gas (unless the height of the volume of gas is   so great that the weight of the gas becomes significant, as in the case with   our atmosphere).

Pressure   measurement is fundamental to process instrumentation not only because of its   own important but also because the other three primary measurements, level,   flow and temperature can also be derived from pressure measurement. Pressure   is the result of a force acting over an area but the pressure at a point acts   in all directions, force acts in only one direction.

Product   type: Pressure transmitter, Differential pressure   transmitters, pressure transducers, Pressure switches, Pressure gauges,   Differential pressure gauges, local & remote options.

Product   range: 1 bar to 700 bar, high pressure 1500 bar,   inline, DP, diaphragm seal etc., SS316/L,Hastelloy etc., 

4-20mA, HART,   FF, volt free contact, wireless, capillary & integrated etc.,   Gauge/absolute.

  Integral to process control in many industries, level measurement sensors fall into two main types. Point level measurement sensors are used to mark a single discrete liquid height–a present level condition. Generally, this type of sensor functions as a high alarm, signaling an overfill condition, or as a marker for a low alarm condition. Continuous level sensors are more sophisticated and can provide level monitoring of an entire system. They measure fluid level within a range, rather than at a one point, producing an analog output that directly correlates to the level in the vessel. To create a level management system, the output signal is linked to a process control loop and to a visual indicator.

Level measurement can be obtained in two ways:

1. By direct methods, used mainly for vessel contents (tank gauging)

2. Or indirect methods which are used for level control

Direct methods: As the name implies, direct methods of level measurement are those that make directly a measurement of the depth of liquid rather than a measurement of some quantity which is related to depth of liquid.

Method types such as Dip stick, dip tap, sight glass, float.

Indirect methods: An indirect method of level measurement is one that measures some quantity related to level of liquid instead of directly measuring a distance. These are the methods of level measurement used for level control rather than tank contents gauging.

Method types such as Displacer, DP cell (open/closed), Capacitance, Radar & GWR, Ultrasonic, Radioactive, float types. 

Product type: Differential pressure level, Displacer, Float, Vibrating fork, GWR, Radar, Ultrasonic, Gauges, local & remote diaphragm seal options.

Product range: 10mm to 10000mm, diaphragm seal etc., SS316/L,Hastelloy etc., 4-20mA, HART, FF, volt free contact, wireless, capillary & integrated etc., 

   The temperature   of a substance is related to the amount of heat (or thermal energy) present.   The BTU (British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat required to raise one   pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. The SI unit of heat (energy) is the   JOULE. Direct measurement of heat energy cannot easily be done. Instead we   measure the effect of heat by taking the temperature of the material being   heated or cooled.

Temperature   measurement in today’s industrial environment encompasses a wide variety of   needs and applications. To meet this wide array of needs the process controls   industry has developed a large number of sensors and devices to handle this   demand. Temperature is a very critical and widely measured variable for most mechanical   engineers. Many processes must have either a monitored or controlled temperature.   This can range from the simple monitoring of the water temperature of an engine   or load device, or as complex as the temperature of a weld in a laser welding   application. More difficult measurements such as the temperature of smoke   stack gas from a power generating station or blast furnace or the exhaust gas   of a rocket may be need to be monitored. Much more common are the   temperatures of fluids in processes or process support applications, or the   temperature of solid objects such as metal plates, bearings and shafts in a   piece of machinery. Temperature measurement can be classified into a few   general categories: a) Thermometers b)   Probes c) Non-contact

Product   type: Bimetallic thermometers, RTD, Thermocouples,   IR, thermistor, thermostat, thermowell assemble.

Product   range: -32 to 3100F (0 to 1700C) / –454 to 2,300F   (–270 to 1260C), SS316/L,Hastelloy etc., 4-20mA, 10VDC volt free contact,   HART, FF, wireless, local integrated,   remote type etc.,

Instruments   used for the measurement of flow fall into two main classes; Quantity   (Semi-positive or positive displacement) meters and Rate of flow meters. The   quantity meter gives an indication of the total quantity of fluid that flowed   in any given time period. In a positive displacement meter, a measuring   chamber of known capacity is alternately filled and then emptied. The number   of times the chamber was filled tells us the total quantity that flowed. A   simple quantity flow meter does not report the rate at which fluid is flowing   at any particular instant. A modern electronic quantity flow meter gives both   flow rate and flow quantity signals. A rate of flow signal will be analogue   (4-20mA). A quantity flow signal is a digital pulse, one pulse representing a   certain number of gallons or litres having passed through the meter. 

Flow rate is a   flowing speed measurement e.g. gallons per minute. The rate of flow meter is   used in process control. In a continuous industrial process plant it is the   rate of fluid flow that is controlled, not the total quantity. In batch   processes the quantity meter is required to meter the correct amounts of   ingredients.

Product   type: DP flow meters, Variable area,   Electromagnetic, Vortex, Turbine, Coriolis mass, indictors & switches.

Product   range: 10LPD to 1000LPD / Customized,   SS316/L,Hastelloy etc., 4-20mA, HART, FF, volt free contact, wireless, local   integrated, remote type etc.,

The indicator   shows the measured signal on the large, backlit display. An additional bar   graph gives a quick process overview and a plain text field displays further   information like the engineering unit or TAG. The housing is available in polyamide,   aluminum and in stainless steel. 

The LCD display meter may be configured   from a 4 mA point of –999 to a 20 mA point of 9999 with a linear or   square-root response. A multi-segment bar graph at the bottom of the display   directly represents the 4–20 mA signals. Models include field and panel   mounting indicators for general purpose applications and models with   international certifications for use in flammable atmospheres (Ex’d’). All   are compatible with our proceeding range so existing systems do not have to   be re-engineered to benefit from the improved performance of these new   instruments

In the broadest definition, a sensor is an object whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and sends the information to the computer which then tells the actuator (output devices) to provide the corresponding output. A sensor is a device that converts real world data (Analog) into data that a computer can understand using ADC (Analog to Digital converter). 

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of which most people are never aware. With advances in micromachinery and easy-to-use micro controller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the most traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement, for example into MARG sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other aspects of our day-to-day life.

Product types: Proximity, Photoelectric, ultrasonic, encoders, positioning, sensor connectivity, safety sensors and all kind of sensors for factory automation, motion controls and machinery especially for automobiles industries.

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. 

Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on a manifold. Solenoid valves are the most frequently used control elements in fluidics. Their tasks are to shut off, release, dose, distribute or mix fluids. They are found in many application areas. Solenoids offer fast and safe switching, high reliability, long service life, good medium compatibility of the materials used, low control power and compact design. Besides the plunger-type actuator which is used most frequently, pivoted-armature actuators and rocker actuators are also used.

Product type: 2-way, 3-way, direct, indirect, hydraulic, pneumatic, upto 690 barg. SIL rated, SS316/L etc., 

 An isolation valve is a valve in a fluid handling system that stops the flow of process media to a given location, usually for maintenance or safety purposes. They can also be used to provide flow logic (selecting one flow path versus another), and to connect external equipment to a system. A valve is classified as an isolation valve because of its intended function in a system, not because of the architecture of the valve itself. Therefore, many different types of valves can be classified as isolation valves. 

Product type: Ball, check, needle, 2-way, 3-way, 5-way etc.., SS316/L